Electronics Engineering Tools
110+ engineering calculators spanning RF, power, optics, IC test, and more.
Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator
/en/cascaded-noise-figure
NF_total = NF₁ + (NF₂-1)/G₁ + (NF₃-1)/(G₁×G₂) + ...
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dBm ↔ mW ↔ Volts Converter
/en/dbm-volts-converter
P(mW) = 10^(P(dBm)/10)
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Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL) Calculator
/en/fspl-calculator
FSPL(dB) = 32.44 + 20×log₁₀(d_km) + 20×log₁₀(f_MHz)
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Microstrip Impedance Calculator
/en/microstrip-impedance
ε_eff = (ε_r + 1)/2 + (ε_r - 1)/(2×√(1 + 12h/W))
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Pi Attenuator Design
/en/pi-attenuator-design
K = 10^(Att(dB)/20)
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Radar Range Equation Calculator
/en/radar-range-equation
P_r = (P_t × G_t × G_r × σ × λ²) / ((4π)³ × R⁴)
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Reflection Coefficient Calculator
/en/reflection-coefficient
Γ = (Z_L - Z₀)/(Z_L + Z₀)
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T Attenuator Design
/en/t-attenuator-design
K = 10^(Att(dB)/20)
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Transmission Line Parameters Calculator
/en/transmission-line-calc
Z₀ = √((R + jωL)/(G + jωC)) ≈ 60/√ε_eff × ln(8h/W + 0.25W/h)
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VSWR ↔ Return Loss Converter
/en/vswr-return-loss
RL(dB) = -20×log₁₀((VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1))
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Battery Lifetime Calculator
/en/battery-life-advanced
Life(h) = Capacity(Ah) × DoD × η / I_load
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Boost Converter Calculator
/en/boost-converter-calc
D = 1 - V_in/V_out
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Buck Converter Calculator
/en/buck-converter-calc
D = V_out / V_in
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Energy Storage Calculator
/en/energy-storage-calc
E_C = 0.5 × C × V²
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PCB Trace Width Temperature Rise Calculator
/en/pcb-trace-width-calc
A = (I / (k × (ΔT)^0.44))^(1/0.725)
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Heat Sink Thermal Resistance Calculator
/en/thermal-resistance-calc
R_θJA = (T_j - T_a)/P
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Fiber Dispersion Calculator
/en/fiber-dispersion-calc
Δt = |D| × Δλ × L
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Numerical Aperture Calculator
/en/numerical-aperture-calc
NA = √(n_core² - n_cladding²)
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Optical Power Budget Calculator
/en/optical-power-budget
P_rx = P_tx + G_tx + G_rx - L_path - L_misc
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Snell's Law Calculator
/en/snells-law-calc
n₁ sinθ₁ = n₂ sinθ₂
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Wavelength-Frequency-Energy Converter
/en/wavelength-freq-energy
f(Hz) = c / λ = 3×10⁸ / λ(m)
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Differential Pair Impedance Calculator
/en/differential-impedance
Z₀(single) = (60/√ε_eff) × ln(8h/W + 0.25W/h)
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Impedance Calculator
/en/impedance-calculator
Z = √((R + jωL)/(G + jωC))
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NE555 Timer Calculator
/en/ne555-timer-calc
f = 1/(ln(2) × C × (R_A + 2R_B))
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Resistor Color Code Decoder
/en/resistor-color-code
Value = (Digit1 × 10 + Digit2) × Multiplier
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SMD Code Decoder
/en/smd-code-decoder
Value = Digits × 10^Multiplier
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Skin Depth Calculator
/en/skin-depth-calc
δ = 1 / √(π×f×μ×σ)
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Crystal Load Capacitance
/en/crystal-load-cap
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
DC-DC Efficiency Calculator
/en/dcdc-efficiency-calc
η = (V_out × I_out)/(V_in × I_in)
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Eye Opening Calculator
/en/eye-opening-calc
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
IP3/P1dB Cascade Calculator
/en/ip3-p1db-cascade
1/IP3_total = 1/IP3_1 + 1/(G1 × IP3_2) + ...
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Load Transient Response
/en/load-transient-calc
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Mixer Spur Calculator
/en/mixer-spur-calc
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Ripple Voltage Estimator
/en/ripple-voltage-calc
ΔV ≈ I_out × D/(f_sw × C)
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Total Jitter Calculator
/en/total-jitter-calc
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
Antenna Look Angle Calculator
/en/antenna-look-angle
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C-V2X Latency Estimator
/en/cv2x-latency
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
Doppler Shift Calculator
/en/doppler-shift-calc
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FMCW Radar Calculator
/en/fmcw-chirp-calc
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Laser Threshold Analysis
/en/laser-threshold-calc
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
QKD Key Rate Calculator
/en/qkd-key-rate
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
Satellite Link Budget
/en/satellite-link-budget
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
Waveguide Loss Calculator
/en/waveguide-loss-calc
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
Battery Thermal Management
/en/battery-thermal-calc
P_loss = I² × R_internal
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Cogging Torque Estimator
/en/cogging-torque-calc
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
FOC Parameter Calculator
/en/foc-parameters
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MTPA/MTPV Planning
/en/mtpa-mtpv-calc
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Resolver Decoder
/en/resolver-decoder
Formula details are being prepared. Open the tool for full context.
SoC/SoH Estimator
/en/soc-soh-estimator
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PV Cable Voltage Drop
/en/pv-cable-drop
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PV String Matching
/en/pv-string-matching
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Bearing Fault Frequency
/en/bearing-fault-freq
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Pulley Ratio Calculator
/en/pulley-ratio-calc
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Soft-Start Curve Simulation
/en/soft-start-curve
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VFD Parameter Tuning
/en/vfd-tuning-calc
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Harmonic Loss Calculator
/en/harmonic-loss-calc
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IEEE 519 Compliance Check
/en/ieee519-compliance
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Passive Filter Design
/en/passive-filter-design
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THD Calculator
/en/thd-calculator
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BER Theoretical Estimator
/en/ber-estimator
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FSPL High-Frequency
/en/fspl-high-freq
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PAM4 Level Mismatch
/en/pam4-rlm-calc
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Shielding Effectiveness Calculator
/en/shielding-effectiveness
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Skin Depth (THz)
/en/skin-depth-thz
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Unit Conversion Center
/en/unit-converter-center
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cascaded-noise-figure
级联噪声系数计算器
计算多级放大器系统的总噪声系数
Overview
Friis公式揭示：链路的总噪声几乎完全由第一级的噪声系数和增益决定，后级的贡献会被前级增益迅速衰减。通过逐级输入NF与Gain，可直观看到哪个环节拖累系统灵敏度。
Key Parameters
- 噪声系数 NFᵢ(dB)
每级器件在290K参考温度下的噪声表现
- 增益 Gᵢ(dB)
功率增益（可以为负，代表衰减/滤波）
- 级数 N(级)
串接的级数，本工具允许最多50级以覆盖复杂前端
Influencing Factors
- 第一级指标：NF₁与G₁直接决定总噪声，先优化LNA比修改后级更有效
- 级间损耗：滤波器与互连若放在LNA之前，会当作负增益显著恶化总NF
- 工作温度与带宽：Friis公式默认290K、1Hz带宽，温度升高或带宽变宽都会按 kTB 增加噪声功率
Formulas
第一级对总噪声系数的影响最大，后续级的影响随着增益递减
Example: Stage1: NF=3dB(G=10dB), Stage2: NF=6dB(G=20dB) → NF_total ≈ 3.04dB
从dB转换为线性值
Example: 3 dB → 1.995 linear
Calculation Steps
- 1
1. 输入级数（最多5级）
- 2
2. 为每级输入噪声系数(dB)和增益(dB)
- 3
3. 将dB值转换为线性值
- 4
4. 使用Friis公式计算总噪声系数
- 5
5. 显示各级的贡献和总值
Use the calculator above to validate numeric results.